CHAPTER 1: Convent iona l Planned Economy

     1. Framework of a Planned Economy 06
     2. Taean Work System & Unified and Detailed Planning 13
     3. System for Distribution of Food Rations and Other Necessities 17

CHAPTER 2: Planne d Economy after the Economic Crisis
     1. Contraction and Weakening of the Planned Economy 24
     2. Generalization of Direct Control by the Supreme Leader 29
     3. Collapse of the Ration Distribution System 35

CHAPTER 3: De velopment of North Korea ’s Market izat ion
     1. Conceptual Framework 40
     2. Economic Crisis of the 1990s and the Arduous March 45
     3. After the July 1 Economic Management Improvement Measures 54
     4. Since the Latter Half of the 2000s: Between Restriction and Tolerance of Markets 63

CHAPTER 4: De velopment , Stat us, an d Str uct ure of North Korea ’s Market izat ion

     1. Foreign Dependency of Marketization 74
     2. Rise of Monopolies and Oligopolies & Wealth Disparity due to Collusion Between Government and Businesses 81
     3. Prolonged Marketization and Its Establishment 86
     4. Evaluation of Marketization 90

CHAPTER 5: Character istics of North Korea ’s Dual Economic Str ucture
    1. Dual Economic Structure with Ambiguous Boundaries 96
    2. Coexistence of the Planned and Market Economies 107
    3. Supplementary and Conflicting Relations Between the Planned and Market Economies 110
    4. The North Korean Government’s Dilemma 114

CHAPTER 6: Future of North Korea ’s Dual Economic Str ucture
    1. Elements that Spread and Restrain Marketization in North Korea 120
    2. Future Prospects for Marketization in North Korea 123